Unfortunately, geophysics is a broad science. I advise you to be more specific, as if you were doing ocean/atmosphere simulations you might be interested in knowing more about finite differences and their programming, while if you are doing some groundwater or reservoir engineering, you might be in the need of finite elements. These two differ a lot in the spirit and in the coding.
This goes also for your other topic, we would like to help you but I personally have no clue of what do you want to do, so I cannot help at all (and this might also explain why the thread has no replies while generally on this forum people replies quite rapidly)
@vmagnin the reference you gave, Chirila, D. B., and Lohmann, G. 2015 Introduction to Modern Fortran for the Earth System Sciences 1st ed Berlin. Springer-Verlag, is astonishingly good. Thank you for pointing it out