# Anecdotal Fortran... :-)

**URL:** <https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/t/anecdotal-fortran/704>\
**Category:** Uncategorized\
**Created:** [February 11, 2021, 5:58pm UTC](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/t/anecdotal-fortran/704 "2021-02-11T17:58:03Z")\
**Posts on this page:** 20\
**Page:** 20

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**Author:** ![vmagnin](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/free1/user_avatar/fortran-lang.discourse.group/vmagnin/32/28_2.png) [@vmagnin](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/u/vmagnin)\
**Post date:** [May 22, 2024, 7:41pm UTC](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/t/anecdotal-fortran/704/397 "2024-05-22T19:41:45Z")

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A later paper published with Jean-Claude Risset:

- M. V. Mathews, F. R. Moore and J. C. Risset, [“Computers and Future Music”](https://www.jstor.org/stable/1737597), _Science,_ New Series, Vol. 183, No. 4122 (Jan. 25, 1974), pp. 263-268 (6 pages)

> it [Music V] is written mostly in Fortran, a programming language available on most computers, but the repetitive operations are in separate subroutines in order that they can be rewritten in assembly language for efficiency.

The title itself is delightful as classics like Kraftwerk’s _Autobahn_ (Nov. 1974) and Jean-Michel Jarre’s _Oxygène_ (1976) were not yet released.

I have found that I.B.M. 7090 Computer album (2nd edition, 1962), with a few pieces by Max Mathews: “Music From Mathematics”

[![](https://global.discourse-cdn.com/free1/uploads/fortran_lang/original/2X/c/c911004bf2bc97e36ab5fe23365ba389d22f88f1.jpeg "Various ‎– Music From Mathematics 60's Abstract, Electronic, Experimental Music Compilation IBM 7090") ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgKKA9sdfs4)

Especially “Bicycle Built For Two” at 3:30.  
See these interesting videos:

> <https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/209161/2001-a-space-odysseys-use-of-the-song-daisy-bell-bicycle-built-for-two-li>

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**Author:** ![Beliavsky](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/b/ba8739/32.png) [@Beliavsky](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/u/Beliavsky)\
**Post date:** [May 27, 2024, 11:44am UTC](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/t/anecdotal-fortran/704/398 "2024-05-27T11:44:25Z")

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Willliam Kahan, starting at 2:00 in this [video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFpo2O7MQr0) and in this [video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ATCpecsyPE8), explains why he designed the IEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic (IEEE 754), referring to Fortran programs that gave different results on different computers. He also gave a talk [A Numerical Analyst Thinks about Deep Learning](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IorTMIAnjjo).

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**Author:** ![Beliavsky](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/b/ba8739/32.png) [@Beliavsky](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/u/Beliavsky)\
**Post date:** [June 7, 2024, 8:20pm UTC](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/t/anecdotal-fortran/704/399 "2024-06-07T20:20:50Z")

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In the essay [From Fortran and Algol to Object-Oriented Languages (1993)](https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/159544.159553), Maurice Wilkes, who designed EDSAC, one of the earliest computers, discusses the history of programming languages.

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**Author:** ![mecej4](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/free1/user_avatar/fortran-lang.discourse.group/mecej4/32/855_2.png) [@mecej4](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/u/mecej4)\
**Post date:** [June 7, 2024, 11:18pm UTC](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/t/anecdotal-fortran/704/400 "2024-06-07T23:18:00Z")

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Kahan received the [Turing Award](https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/kahan_1023746.cfm) in 1989. Readers here may find the following lines (near the middle of the page) from that link of special interest:

- _Kahan takes personal credit for just two aspects of the 8087 and the IEEE standard that evolved from it: its “inexact flag” that programmers could test to see if a result had been approximated, and the provision of a NaN (Not a Number) code_ …

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**Author:** ![wspector](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/w/47e85d/32.png) [@wspector](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/u/wspector)\
**Post date:** [June 8, 2024, 5:17pm UTC](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/t/anecdotal-fortran/704/401 "2024-06-08T17:17:37Z")

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> [@Beliavsky](#):
>
> In the essay [From Fortran and Algol to Object-Oriented Languages (1993)](https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/159544.159553), Maurice Wilkes, who designed EDSAC, one of the earliest computers, discusses the history of programming languages.

Really an excellent article by a true pioneer. Thanks for sharing it!

IMHO, Fortran could and should have learned a lot more from ALGOL-60 much earlier than it did. The stack-based memory model, combined with block structure, was one of the lessons. Recursion possibilities aside, it would have saved a lot of memory on early memory-starved machines!

There were mistakes in ALGOL-60 to be sure (e.g., call by name, no provisions for separate compilation, etc). But these were discovered early on.

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**Author:** ![vmagnin](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/free1/user_avatar/fortran-lang.discourse.group/vmagnin/32/28_2.png) [@vmagnin](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/u/vmagnin)\
**Post date:** [June 11, 2024, 2:28pm UTC](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/t/anecdotal-fortran/704/402 "2024-06-11T14:28:52Z")

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> [@wspector](#):
>
> The stack-based memory model, combined with block structure, was one of the lessons. Recursion possibilities aside, it would have saved a lot of memory on early memory-starved machines!

It was an interesting article but I think I have not clearly understood the distinction “block structure” / “flat language”. Or is it just because Modern Fortran is not _flat_ anymore (with modules, etc.) ?

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**Author:** ![wspector](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/w/47e85d/32.png) [@wspector](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/u/wspector)\
**Post date:** [June 12, 2024, 4:45am UTC](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/t/anecdotal-fortran/704/403 "2024-06-12T04:45:42Z")

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> [@vmagnin](#):
>
> It was an interesting article but I think I have not clearly understood the distinction “block structure” / “flat language”. Or is it just because Modern Fortran is not _flat_ anymore (with modules, etc.) ?

[Block structure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_(programming))

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**Author:** ![dtmb](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/d/dec6dc/32.png) [@dtmb](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/u/dtmb)\
**Post date:** [August 4, 2024, 9:42am UTC](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/t/anecdotal-fortran/704/404 "2024-08-04T09:42:51Z")

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> Have you encountered Fortran in other arts? Literature (science fiction)?

The German physicist Klaus Mahn (Kurt Mahr as a SF author) lived in the USA from 1962 and worked at Pratt & Whitney in Connecticut on the development of fuel cells for the Apollo project. There he learned FORTRAN and wrote programs for the IBM 7090.  
He used his newly acquired knowledge in several novels, especially those for the weekly Perry Rhodan SF series.  
And in #122 “Der Tod des Lordadmirals” (The Death of the Lord Admiral) published in January 1964), he used his newly acquired knowledge at Pratt & Whitney for the first time in a novel and had a Robot think and act in FORTRAN:  
But I didn’t realize this until later, after I had learned FORTRAN IV on a Telefunken TR 4 computer in the mid-1970s.

Intelligence officer Ron and Meech (a humanoid robot) monitor the deployment of Thekus, another humanoid robot, via radio contact, which has been infiltrated into a secret organization.

(cite)  
“Test bracket A bracket two two eight point two two eight point three zero zero!” Ron shouted loudly.  
The order was for Meech. Ron had many parts of Thekus’ program in his memory, and giving Meech the instruction in positronic programming language saved him at least half a second. Meech didn’t have to translate. And half a second was a lot of time in an interrogation. On the screen, Thekus tilted his head slightly as if he were listening. He was really listening. Meech gave him the order, and Thekus activated a new part of his program. […] “You’re not claiming, are you,” asked Thekus, “to be the Arfar who […] manages billions of dollars for the Arkonide space fleet?” Arfar seemed to be running out of patience. […] “I’ve had enough now! […] You know me very well […].” A 0, decided the positronic logic. The test had no result. But the program contained  
a circle that brought Thekus back to the original command.  
The index number had now grown by one. He had to try a new trick.  
“I knew,” he smiled, “that you couldn’t be the general officer. Arfar, whom I have unfortunately never seen, is not the man who would get involved in such dirty things.”  
Arfar […] shouted: “Don’t worry about my morals! […]”  
A is greater than zero, decided the positronic. The test had been successful.  
(end cite)

An this would be in FORTRAN II something like:

12000 INTEGER IQAIDX  
IQAIDX = 0  
DIMENSION KWNPRS (100)  
DATA KWNPRS /100\*.FALSE./  
INTEGER A  
12001 IQAIDX = IQAIDX + 1  
READ 12002, IQUEST, PRSIDX  
12002 FORMAT(255H)  
C CALL FUNCTION “PUT QUESTION AND EVALUATE ANSWER”  
C AND RECEIVE NEGATIVE, NEUTRAL OR POSITIVE ANSWER  
A = QANDA(IQUEST)  
IF (A) 228, 228, 300  
C NEGATIVE OR NEUTRAL ANSWER  
228 GO TO 12001  
C POSITIVE ANSWER  
300 KWNPRS(PRSIDX) = .TRUE.

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**Author:** ![Beliavsky](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/b/ba8739/32.png) [@Beliavsky](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/u/Beliavsky)\
**Post date:** [August 11, 2024, 1:06pm UTC](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/t/anecdotal-fortran/704/405 "2024-08-11T13:06:48Z")

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Many finite-element codes are written in Fortran, but I don’t know if this one was.

#### [Using sed to find a job](https://www.johndcook.com/blog/2024/08/11/editing-without-an-editor/)

by John D. Cook

I had a friend in college who got a job because of a `sed` script he wrote as an intern.

A finite element program would crash when it attempted to take too large a time step, but the program would not finish by the time the results were needed if it always took tiny time steps. So they’d let the program crash occasionally, then edit the configuration file with a smaller time step and restart the program.

They were asking engineers to work around the clock so someone could edit the configuration file and restart the finite element program if it crashed in the middle of the night. My friend wrote a shell script to automate this process, using `sed` to do the file editing. He eliminated the need for a night shift and got a job offer.

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**Author:** ![vmagnin](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/free1/user_avatar/fortran-lang.discourse.group/vmagnin/32/28_2.png) [@vmagnin](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/u/vmagnin)\
**Post date:** [September 29, 2024, 7:40pm UTC](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/t/anecdotal-fortran/704/406 "2024-09-29T19:40:46Z")

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> [@Beliavsky](#):
>
> Meet Vera Molnár, the 98-Year-Old Generative Art Pioneer Who Is Enjoying New Relevance at the Venice Biennale

More about Vera Molnár:

> Vera Molnar was a pioneer of algorithmic art, whose work drew from constructivism and conceptual art, as well as cubism and other avant-garde movements, while developing her own form of geometric abstraction. She started developing combinatorial images in 1959 and began working with computers in 1968, using the programming languages Fortran and Basic to generate plotter drawings. She was the co-founder of artistic research groups GRAV and Art et Informatique.

> **[Vera Molnár](https://ropac.net/artists/231-vera-molnar/)**

In French: [http://www.veramolnar.com/](http://www.veramolnar.com/)  
[http://www.veramolnar.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/VM1976\_molnart.pdf](http://www.veramolnar.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/VM1976_molnart.pdf)

> _Translated from French:_  
> **Description of the “Molnart” program (1974-1976)**  
> François Molnar and I conceived and developed a flexible program that allowed for systematic pictorial experimentation. It is written in Fortran for a large-capacity computer connected to a display screen and a plotter.

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**Author:** ![Beliavsky](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/b/ba8739/32.png) [@Beliavsky](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/u/Beliavsky)\
**Post date:** [November 24, 2024, 2:37pm UTC](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/t/anecdotal-fortran/704/407 "2024-11-24T14:37:38Z")

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[A Conversation with Peter Huber (2008)](https://projecteuclid.org/journals/statistical-science/volume-23/issue-1/A-Conversation-with-Peter-Huber/10.1214/07-STS251.full) (a prominent researcher in robust statistics) covers his (and his wife Effi’s) experiences with computing and programming environments for statistics. The first programming language he mentions is Algol. There was a recent Hacker News thread [Algol-68 seemed like a good idea](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42089740).

Codes for robust statistical algorithms may belong in stdlib. One could modernize the Fortran code in the [robust](https://github.com/valentint/robust) R package. Below is an excerpt of the interview with Huber.

> In 1960 ALGOL 60 came into being. As Rutishauser told the story, there  
> was a large committee that had agreed on the language, but in the end  
> Naur completely rewrote the final document, which became then known as  
> the ALGOL 60 report. Various participants of the ALGOL conference,  
> attended by maybe a dozen people, agreed to write compilers or have  
> compilers written. In Zurich it was Hans Rudolf Schwarz who wrote an  
> ALGOL compiler. I tried it out but ended up unimpressed again: a  
> little program for a Jacobi eigenvalue problem that I had written took  
> almost an hour to compile.
> 
> The program is of some interest because it was part of a data analysis  
> problem of Effi’s. The problem was to map intensities measured from  
> different photographs to the same scale, as when one has inexact  
> crystallographic data. This kind of problem is nowadays called a  
> Procrustes problem. To me this was an opportunity to try out the ALGOL  
> 60 compiler. I was probably the first ALGOL 60 user outside the  
> applied mathematics group of Stiefel.
> 
> The next step in the development of languages that I experienced was  
> Fortran. In late 1960 or early 1961 Effi and I attended a Fortran  
> programming course at CERN in Geneva, programming on an IBM 704. The  
> computing environment was still primitive. For example, if one wanted  
> to write something to tape, one had to get the tape running before one  
> began to write. So one had to estimate how much earlier one had to  
> start it. But more importantly, Fortran compilers were faster. The  
> next step was several years later, it must have been 1967, when  
> Niklaus Wirth came to Zurich. It so happened that our neighbors were  
> on an extended absence to the United States;Wirth ended up renting  
> their house and we became neighbors. At the time Wirth was developing  
> the Pascal language. I looked at Pascal but was disappointed because  
> in strict Pascal array bounds were fixed, which is why I didn’t bother  
> to learn Pascal. Neither could I convince Wirth that he should provide  
> greater flexibility.
> 
> At that time we had a very efficient ALGOL compiler on the CDC 1604  
> computer. Unfortunately, ALGOL 60 then got killed by its successor,  
> ALGOL 68, which was a big fiasco because it was so complicated that it  
> never took off. It had what Donoho used to call the “second-generation  
> syndrome”: start with a good product, then follow it up with an  
> over-designed second-generation product, only to see it killed. This  
> happens often, and it did happen to ALGOL 68.
> 
> Next was the appearance of the C language, but I never took to it  
> because it was too error-prone. So I stuck to Fortran, which was  
> sufficient for my type of computing. Later I had occasion to program  
> in C, but, matter of fact, I have used more often f2c, the Fortranto-  
> C cross-compiler, which seems to work better than most Fortran  
> compilers.
> 
> AB: So you have seen computing from the beginning.  
> . .  
> PH: Speaking of beginnings, in the 1970s we began to experiment with  
> interactive graphical data analysis. This changed my views of  
> computing rather dramatically. I soon realized that we needed a data  
> handler, that is, a language in which we could not only write  
> programs, but whose command lines were capable of immediate execution.  
> BASIC and APL were such languages. I liked BASIC for writing little  
> things, especially string manipulations, but we needed an  
> arrayoriented language. As for APL, it was a “write-only” language, I  
> could write it, but I could not read it, and I may be a kind of expert  
> in such matters. I never understood Anscombe why he had written his  
> programming examples in APL. When I asked him he confessed that he  
> couldn’t read his own programs either after half a year!

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**Author:** ![vmagnin](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/free1/user_avatar/fortran-lang.discourse.group/vmagnin/32/28_2.png) [@vmagnin](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/u/vmagnin)\
**Post date:** [December 18, 2024, 12:18pm UTC](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/t/anecdotal-fortran/704/408 "2024-12-18T12:18:34Z")

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> [@vmagnin](#):
>
> [J. M. Coetzee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._Coetzee) is the 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature. But he began its carreer as a programmer. He even wrote poetry generators in machine code and in FORTRAN:  
> [The computer poetry of J. M. Coetzee’s early programming career](https://sites.utexas.edu/ransomcentermagazine/2017/06/28/the-computer-poetry-of-j-m-coetzees-early-programming-career/)

Roach, Rebecca. “J. M. Coetzee’s Aesthetic Automatism.” _MFS Modern Fiction Studies_ 65, no. 2 (2019): 308–37. [Project MUSE - J. M. Coetzee's Aesthetic Automatism](https://doi.org/10.1353/mfs.2019.0015).

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**Author:** ![vmagnin](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/free1/user_avatar/fortran-lang.discourse.group/vmagnin/32/28_2.png) [@vmagnin](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/u/vmagnin)\
**Post date:** [December 18, 2024, 6:05pm UTC](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/t/anecdotal-fortran/704/409 "2024-12-18T18:05:28Z")

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> [@Beliavsky](#):
>
> "During the summer of 1962, A. Michael Noll had an assignment working in the research division of Bell Telephone Laboratories, where he was employed as a Member of Technical Staff. His summer project involved the programming of a new method for the determination of the pitch of human speech – the short-term cepstrum. The results of the computer calculations were plotted on the Stromberg Carlson SC-4020 microfilm plotter.

[http://content-animation.org.uk/htmls//scforonatlas.htm](http://content-animation.org.uk/htmls//scforonatlas.htm)

> This manual was produced soon after the SC 4020 was installed at the Atlas Computer Laboratory (ACL). Prior to its arrival, ACL used the SC4020 recorder at Aldermaston and its own Benson-Lehner flat bed plotter for graphics. **HARTRAN was the Fortran compiler on the Atlas computer.**

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![vmagnin](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/free1/user_avatar/fortran-lang.discourse.group/vmagnin/32/28_2.png) [@vmagnin](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/u/vmagnin)\
**Post date:** [December 21, 2024, 11:21am UTC](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/t/anecdotal-fortran/704/410 "2024-12-21T11:21:56Z")

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In this thread:

> **[21 Algol 60 compilers in 1962](https://retrocomputingforum.com/t/21-algol-60-compilers-in-1962/4563)**
>
> A short but sweet blog post, showing that a couple of years of a person’s effort was enough to implement Algol: 21 Algol 60 compilers in 1962 Here’s a graph Also within, we learn there were also very many Fortran and Cobol compilers: ...

we can find these two links:

> Fortran was dominated by the major computer company of the day, IBM (1963: list of [51 Fortran compilers](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/366274.964640); 1964: at least [43 Fortran compilers/versions](http://www.bitsavers.org/magazines/Datamation/196408.pdf))

The second link is the magazine _Datamation_ from August 1964, which contains especially those articles:

> **Feature Articles**  
> 24 FORTRAN: Compatibility & Standardization, by W. P. Heising  
> 25 The Various FORTRANS, by Henry Oswald  
> 30 Compiling a COBOL Questionnaire, by Stanley M. Naftaly  
> 34 FORTRAN vs. COBOL, by M. D. Fimple

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![vmagnin](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/free1/user_avatar/fortran-lang.discourse.group/vmagnin/32/28_2.png) [@vmagnin](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/u/vmagnin)\
**Post date:** [December 27, 2024, 2:39pm UTC](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/t/anecdotal-fortran/704/411 "2024-12-27T14:39:40Z")

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> [@ivanpribec](#):
>
> A transcript can be found here: [GitHub - ThemosTsikas/XenakisFreeStochasticMusicFortran: working versions of a Xenakis FORTRAN program (Xenakis 1971 Formalized Music p 149)](https://github.com/ThemosTsikas/XenakisFreeStochasticMusicFortran) (by @Themos)

See instructions in this Issue to compile and run it with GFortran:

> <https://github.com/ThemosTsikas/XenakisFreeStochasticMusicFortran/issues/3>
>
> I can't figure out how to use it on a modern machine.

And this recent article: [6. Iannis Xenakis’s Free Stochastic Music Program as an Aid to Analysis  
Ronald Squibbs](https://books.openbookpublishers.com/10.11647/obp.0390.08.pdf)  
_in_  
Kanach, Sharon, and Peter Nelson, eds. 2024. _Meta-Xenakis: New Perspectives on Iannis Xenakis’s Life, Work, and Legacies_. 1st ed. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers. [Meta-Xenakis: New Perspectives on Iannis Xenakis’s Life, Work, and Legacies | Open Book Publishers](https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0390).

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![vmagnin](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/free1/user_avatar/fortran-lang.discourse.group/vmagnin/32/28_2.png) [@vmagnin](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/u/vmagnin)\
**Post date:** [January 15, 2025, 8:19pm UTC](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/t/anecdotal-fortran/704/412 "2025-01-15T20:19:16Z")

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I have discovered that magazine article on Mastodon:

- Alan Sutcliffe, [“Landing the Nostromo”](https://archive.org/details/creativecomputing-1981-06/page/n51/mode/2up?ui=embed&view=theater), _Creative Computing Magazine_ (June 1981) Volume 07 Number 06, p. 48-54.

As you may know, the Nostromo is the spacecraft in the Alien movie (1979). As it is landing on a planet, the onboard computer is displaying a 3D model of the relief, in red. On a YouTube excerpt, you can see it first at [2:28](https://youtu.be/Z44e4S9kjgA?si=OEQqcpiGRpxpQ6m8&t=148), then at least three other times.

The author of the paper says:

> The hardware to be used was a Prime 300 connected to an FR 80 from III which can plot directly onto cine-film. Running on this system at the SRC laboratories in Oxfordshire was the software animation package, Frolic, developed by C.Emmett.  
> My program was written in Fortran with calls to Frolic subroutines.

The whole code was 14 pages of Fortran code.

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**Author:** ![alejandro](https://yyz2.discourse-cdn.com/free1/user_avatar/fortran-lang.discourse.group/alejandro/32/374_2.png) [@alejandro](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/u/alejandro)\
**Post date:** [January 21, 2025, 12:01am UTC](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/t/anecdotal-fortran/704/413 "2025-01-21T00:01:48Z")

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Some researchers in Puerto Rico and elsewhere are re-examining the WOW! signal detected at the old Arecibo radar. Looks like it might have been a [natural phenomenom](https://www.seti.org/wow-signal-lingering-mystery-or-natural-phenomenon).

The Fortran connection? [The original analysis software was written in Fortran](https://bsky.app/profile/profabelmendez.bsky.social/post/3lfvww6fw7c2d) (the snippet looks like Fortran 77). Although they are recreating the software in Python, the lead scientist told me they still plan to run the Fortran version as well. The re-coding is all about learning (I don’t think the original scientists are around to help). As the scientist, Abel Mendez, says, “There are not many computers languages from which you can run a 50 years code.” So, of course they will keep using it.

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<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Beliavsky](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/b/ba8739/32.png) [@Beliavsky](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/u/Beliavsky)\
**Post date:** [March 1, 2025, 5:31pm UTC](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/t/anecdotal-fortran/704/414 "2025-03-01T17:31:40Z")

</div>

The Fortran code of the IBM 360 Scientific Subroutine Package, I think from 1968, can be downloaded from [http://www.ecalculations.com/](http://www.ecalculations.com/) . IBM has not open-sourced it AFAIK, so I would not try to use it in production. I can compile 356 out of 360 source files with `gfortran -c -std=legacy`, after I replace constants such as `1.E75` with `huge(1.0)`. Pretty good for a library that is almost 60 years old. Documentation is at [System/360 Scientific Subroutine Package](http://www.ebyte.it/library/codesnippets/IBM_System360_SSP.html). The algorithms listed should be considered for stdlib if they are not already present. The topics are

### Statistics

Probit analysis

Analysis of variance (factorial design)

Correlation analysis

Multiple linear regression

Stepwise regression

Polynomial regression

Canonical correlation

Factor analysis (principal components, varimax)

Discriminant analysis (many groups)

Time series analysis

Data screening and analysis

Nonparametric tests

Random number generation (uniform, normal)

Distribution functions

### Mathematics

Inversion

Eigenvalues and eigenvectors

Simultaneous linear algebraic equations

Transpositions

Matrix arithmetic (addition, product, etc.)

Matrix partitioning

Matrix tabulation and sorting of rows or columns

Elementary operations on rows or columns of matrices

Matrix factorization

Integration and differentiation of given or tabulated functions

Solution of systems of first-order differential equations

Fourier analysis of given or tabulated functions

Bessel and modified Bessel function evaluation

Gamma function evaluation

Jacobian elliptic functions

Elliptic, exponential, sine cosine, Fresnel integrals

Finding real roots of a given function

Finding real and complex roots of a real polynomial

Polynomial arithmetic (addition, division, etc.)

Polynomial evaluation, integration, differentiation

Chebyshev, Hermite, Laguerre, Legendre polynomials

Minimum of a function

Approximation, interpolation, and table construction

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![rwmsu](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/r/48db29/32.png) [@rwmsu](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/u/rwmsu)\
**Post date:** [March 1, 2025, 7:46pm UTC](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/t/anecdotal-fortran/704/415 "2025-03-01T19:46:02Z")

</div>

Anyway to get the source in a format that I can use on Linux without installing Wine and hoping it will work.

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Beliavsky](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/b/ba8739/32.png) [@Beliavsky](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/u/Beliavsky)\
**Post date:** [March 1, 2025, 8:14pm UTC](https://fortran-lang.discourse.group/t/anecdotal-fortran/704/416 "2025-03-01T20:14:52Z")

</div>

They are temporarily at

> **[GitHub - Beliavsky/Scientific-Subroutine-Package](https://github.com/Beliavsky/Scientific-Subroutine-Package)**
>
> Contribute to Beliavsky/Scientific-Subroutine-Package development by creating an account on GitHub.

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